CLOSURE || Pharmaceutical packaging in closure || Trekpharma

Pharmaceutical packaging  

CLOSURE:

 Five basic designs.

1.    Screw on threaded or liquid metal or plastic

2.    Crimp on (crowns)

3.    Press-on (snap) Roll-on

4.    Friction

5.    Filter proof closure: Thread screw cap, Lug cap, Crown caps, Roll on closures

Lug cap:  widely used in food industry because it offers hermetic seal, handled well in sterilization equipment.

Closure lines: Provide Light seal between closure and containers. May be Homogeneous or Heterogeneous liner

Torque testing:

Controlling cap tightness on a packaging line with a torque tester can prevent evaporation or leakage of the product.

breakage of a plastic molded closure, and application of a cap too tight to be removed.

The Owens-Illinois torque tester is an instrument commonly used for this purpose.

Rubber stopper:

In the manufacture of rubber closures, certain performance expectations require certain ingredients.

The types of ingredients commonly found in a rubber closure are:

           Rubber

Vulcanizing agent

Accelerator activator

Extended filler

Reinforced filler

Softener/plasticizer

Antioxidant

Pigment

Special components, waxes

Plastic closure:

The two basic types of plastics generally used for closures are thermosetting and thermoplastic materials.

They differ greatly in physical and chemical properties, and fundamentally different manufacturing methods are used for each type.

Thermosetting Resins:

Phenolic and urea thermosetting plastic resins are widely used in threaded closures.

The thermosetting plastic first softens under heat and then cures and hardens to a final state.

Shaping must occur in the first stage of softening, because after curing there is no further mobility, even upon reapplication of heat and pressure.

During the molding process, thermosets undergo a permanent chemical change, and unlike thermoplastic materials, they cannot be reprocessed.

Since parts that are improperly molded must therefore be discarded, thermosetting materials are usually fabricated by compression molding.

The manufacturing process is relatively slow, but allows better control and quick response to change in temperature and material flow.

Thermoplastic Resins:

Since their introduction, thermoplastics have become widely used in the manufacture of closures.

Polystyrene, polyethylene, and polypropylenes are the materials used in 90% or more of all thermoplastic closures.

Each material has specific performance advantages, and the particular resin used depends on the physical and chemical properties desired for the application and on the particular product being packaged.

TEMPER RESISTANT PACKAGES

1.    Film wrappers-

Shrink wrapper

End Folded wrapper

Fin seal wrapper

Materials used: Cellophane and Poly propylene

Cellophane: Regenerated cellulose not heat sealable. Heat sealing property provided by coating cellophane with poly vinylidene chloride (PVDC) and Nitro cellulose

Poly propylene: Heat sealing property provided by acrylic coating or modifiers to Resins

Fine seal wrapper: Poly ethylene and Surlyn

Shrink wrapper: Poly ethylene, poly propylene and PVC

2.    Blister Package (unit dose packaging)

Materials used: Most commonly used is PVC. Other polymers used are PVC/Polyethylene, poly styrene and polypropylene.

For added moisture protection: Poly vinylidine chloride (Saran) or polychlorotrifluoro ethylene (Aclar) film may be laminated to PVC.

Moisture barrier of PVC/Aclar is superior to that of saran coated PVC especially under prolonged and extremely humid storage condition.

3.    Strip package: generally used for tablet and capsule.

Materials used: For high barrier application paper/polyvinylidine/foil/polyethylene lamination.

For product visibility: Heat sealable cellophane or heat sealable poly ester can be used

Foil paper or plastic pouches: Effective sealant as PE, ethylene vinyl acetate and surlyn.

Most common cations found in glass:

Si, Al, B, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Rn, Ba

Notes:

Blowing: uses compressed air to form molten glass in cavity of a metal mold.

Drawing: molten glass is polled through dies or rollers that shapes the soft glass. Pressing: mechanical forces is used to press the molten glass against the side of a mold.

Bubble pack: usually formed by sandwiching the product between a thermolabile extensible or heat shrinkable plastic films and a rigid backing material.

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